{"id":59571,"date":"2023-02-03T13:23:32","date_gmt":"2023-02-03T13:23:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/?p=59571"},"modified":"2025-01-09T14:22:16","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T14:22:16","slug":"immunotherapie-voor-de-behandeling-van-urogenitale-kankers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/2023\/02\/03\/immunotherapie-voor-de-behandeling-van-urogenitale-kankers\/","title":{"rendered":"Immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/therapeutic-areas\/oncology\/about-keytruda\/keytruda-indications\/keytruda-in-genitourinary-cancers\/\">Ik ben een dokter: toegang tot beperkte inhoud<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-60023\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png?resize=300,109 300w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png?resize=768,279 768w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png?resize=320,116 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Banner-site-web.png?resize=120,44 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--center mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--947962899a686189d852b195630d878c\" id=\"top\"><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-grey-color\">Hoe belangrijk is immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers? <\/mark> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--e950e586ed2ea53829f9de77fc28ade8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lees meer over&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kanker in het algemeen<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#nierkanker\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">Nierkanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie als antikankertherapie<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#brochures-patienten\">Download brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-dark-blue-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--9b1b9a9ef38a2f30cf1252191bdba0f4\" id=\"in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kankers<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid \">\n\t<ul class=\"is-grid-layout has-columns has-two-columns has-center-vertical-alignment\" >\n\t\t\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" id=\"en-general\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/12\/Groupe-31.png?w=403\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-53303\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2022\/12\/Groupe-32.png?w=483\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-53304\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--5ea9f71d50d7b1065279454d5e3cf700 wp-block-paragraph\">Urogenitale kankers zijn divers, ze omvatten namelijk nier- en blaastumoren, en bij mannen ook prostaat- en teelbaltumoren. De manier waarop deze kankers zich uiten, is erg uiteenlopend en de behandelingsstrategie\u00ebn worden op elke pati\u00ebnt apart afgestemd.<br><br>Bij urologische kankers worden vooral twee organen getroffen: <strong>de <a href=\"#nierkanker\">nieren<\/a> en de <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\"><a href=\"#blaaskanker\">blaas<\/a><\/mark>.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid \">\n\t<ul class=\"is-grid-layout has-columns has-two-columns has-center-vertical-alignment\" >\n\t\t\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1024\" width=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png?w=438\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-60522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png 647w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png?resize=128,300 128w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png?resize=438,1024 438w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png?resize=320,748 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/INTRO-Rein_NL.png?resize=120,281 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1024\" width=\"436\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png?w=436\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-60523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png 644w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png?resize=128,300 128w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png?resize=436,1024 436w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png?resize=320,752 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Intro-Vessie-NL.png?resize=120,282 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--e950e586ed2ea53829f9de77fc28ade8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lees meer over&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kanker in het algemeen<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#nieren-kanker\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">Nierkanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie als antikankertherapie<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#brochures-patienten\">Download brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#top\">Terug naar de top<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-dark-blue-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--a07f7a187a07e07fc6ae485205d7405b\" id=\"nierkanker\">Nierkanker<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--d3a0b4daadfb14f8237795089c6981a2 wp-block-paragraph\">In principe hebben we twee nieren, gelegen aan weerszijden van de wervelkolom onder de onderste ribben.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--cbb18a7dd65c75972395a61d0503df22 wp-block-paragraph\">De hoofdfunctie van de nieren is om <strong>de samenstelling van het bloed te zuiveren en op peil te houden, door het te filteren en vervolgens afvalstoffen en overtollig water af te voeren in de vorm van urine<\/strong>.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--99e28edd776a541e1824de5e838f5a34\">Hoe ontwikkelt nierkanker zich ?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--0bb21768b01a71a0f7416a220a68e8f7 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Wat veroorzaakt een kanker ?<sup>8<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--cbb736f5adcc8c737f080f092c8e20a7 wp-block-paragraph\">Kanker wordt veroorzaakt door een cel van het lichaam die zich abnormaal gedraagt en <strong>ongecontroleerd begint te vermenigvuldigen (woekeren)<\/strong>.<strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--9ff6cb321cd37ac9d40deff32fd1d35c wp-block-paragraph\">Het verschil met een goedaardige tumor is dat bij kanker deze cel ook <strong>de omliggende weefsels kan binnendringen of zich kan verspreiden<\/strong> naar andere organen in het lichaam waar ze niet thuis hoort (uitzaaiingen).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid \">\n\t<ul class=\"is-grid-layout has-columns has-two-columns has-center-vertical-alignment\" >\n\t\t\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--fdd0c0f575ada8f5137744349ad702fc\">De meest voorkomende kanker: <strong>niercelkanker<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--9bab85b2077d2b9fe23a8d6cbe37250c wp-block-paragraph\">Nierkanker kan onstaan vanuit de cellen van de verschillende delen van de nier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--400dfb70fd18f4de01fb07d05dcb4d91 wp-block-paragraph\">Negen op tien nierkankers ontstaan uit de cellen die de kleine filtertjes van de nier vormen. Dit type nierkanker noemt men <strong>niercelkanker<\/strong>.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/rein.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-60025\" width=\"319\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/rein.png 500w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/rein.png?resize=300,257 300w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/rein.png?resize=320,274 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/rein.png?resize=120,103 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--4d96594bcccb839cca8f0bfe016d8427 wp-block-paragraph\">Nierkanker kan ook ontstaan uit de cellen die het buizennetwerk vormen dat de geproduceeerde urine opvangt. Dit type nierkanker noemt men <strong>urotheelkanker<\/strong>.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--eedc90caf43104ba318f7b77d96387aa\">Verschillende vormen en stadia<sup>9,10<\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--45e50bfa1dcbae12a9d53a0290bdd4d0 wp-block-paragraph\">Afhankelijk van hun uiterlijk onder de microscoop wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen heldercellige (75-80%), papillaire en chromofobe carcinomen. Het stadium van de kanker wordt bepaald door de plaats, de grootte, de ontwikkeling in het omliggend weefsel en\/of de naastgelegen grote bloedvaten, en de verspreiding voorbij de oorspronkelijke plaats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59603\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg 1304w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?resize=768,511 768w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?resize=1024,682 1024w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?resize=320,213 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-Rein_NL.jpg?resize=120,80 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-light-grey-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--30593e2bb8c01d48a23ed0defb6d45ed\">De behandelingsopties<sup>11,12<\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--f23011364cbca8babb66bbca2440291b wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Een kankerbehandeling heeft tot doel om de kankercellen:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-dot-list-style-type mhh-mcn-list wp-block-list\"><li><strong>weg te snijden<\/strong> (chirurgie)<\/li><li><strong>te vernietigen<\/strong> (ablatie, medicatie, radiotherapie)<\/li><li>hun g<strong>roei te stoppen<\/strong> (medicatie, radiotherapie)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--b7db610e0c228e026f0d27fb568e0b70 wp-block-paragraph\">De keuze van de behandelingen wordt aangepast aan elke situatie, d.w.z. aan de specifieke kenmerken van elke pati\u00ebnt. Artsen van verschillende specialiteiten (uroloog, radioloog, oncoloog, nefroloog, patholoog, enz.) komen bijeen om op individuele basis de best mogelijke behandelingen te bespreken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.44.13.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59600\" width=\"572\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.44.13.png?resize=300,201 300w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.44.13.png?resize=320,214 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.44.13.png?resize=120,80 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-dot-list-style-type mhh-mcn-list wp-block-list\"><li>In bepaalde gevallen kan je dokter beslissen om de kanker niet actief te behandelen maar van zeer nabij op te volgen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld het geval zijn als de tumor klein is, of traag evolueert, of als je gezondheid geen actieve behandeling toelaat.  Tijdens wat we noemen een <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\">nauwe opvolging<\/mark><\/strong> zal uw arts zeer regelmatige afspraken en onderzoeken plannen om je kanker op te volgen <strong>door middel van beeldvorming<\/strong> (echo, CT scan, MRI).<\/li><li><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\">Lokale behandeling door chirurgie<\/mark><\/strong> bestaat uit de gedeeltelijke of volledige verwijdering van de aangetaste nier (nefrectomie). Bij kleinere tumoren kunnen we de tumorweefsel vernietigen door middel van een sonde die hitte of koude afgeeft, zonder een beroep doen op chirurgie. <\/li><li><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\">Chemotherapie<\/mark><\/strong> wordt nauwelijks gebruikt bij de behandeling van deze carcinomen en&nbsp;<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\"> <strong>bestraling<\/strong><\/mark> is geen frequente eerstelijnsbehandeling.<sup>10,13<\/sup><\/li><li>In tegenstelling tot lokale behandelingen, die zich richten op het gebied van de tumor, werken <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-teal-color\"><strong>systemische therapie&euml;n<\/strong><\/mark> in op het lichaam als geheel. Dit omvat bijvoorbeeld behandelingen met geneesmiddelen. Voor nierkanker zijn alle behandelingen met medicijnen systemisch. Ze kunnen gebruikt worden om:<ul><li>de groei van bloedvaten te remmen om de ontwikkeling van de tumorcellen te verminderen of om deze cellen te doden. Het gaat daarbij om<strong>&nbsp;anti-angiogene geneesmiddelen<\/strong>;<\/li><li>het immuunsysteem te stimuleren. Dit wordt&nbsp;<strong>immunotherapie&nbsp;<\/strong>genoemd.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--187af59ddc3a56af7bb15e5e1076adc2 wp-block-paragraph\">In sommige gevallen wordt <strong>chirurgie gecombineerd met een behandeling met medicijnen.<\/strong> Bij bepaalde pati\u00ebnten zijn er reeds enkele kankercellen ontsnapt uit de nier naar andere plaasten in het lichaam. Omwille van hun microscopisch kleine formaat en beperkt aantal zijn deze nog niet zichtbaar op de CT-scan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--d908aaeed892f94c94543667eb9f3034 wp-block-paragraph\">Indien deze kankercellen niet verwijderd of vernietigd worden kunnen ze op termijn uitgroeien tot een uitzaaiing en voor herval zorgen. De arts zal verdere onderzoeken uitvoeren om deze mogelijkheid te beoordelen.  In deze situatie kan na de chirurgie een immuun-stimulerende medicatie toegediend worden. Dit type medicamenteuze behandeling na chirurgie wordt \u2018\u2019adjuvant\u2019\u2019 genoemd omdat het de chirurgie helpt om de kankercellen te elimineren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--f29c381207af2e2b6713e2794f6c7b61 wp-block-paragraph\">Elke dag zijn onderzoekers in de weer om nierkanker beter te begrijpen. Dit laat toe om nieuwe therapie\u00ebn te ontwikkelen. <strong>Klinische studies<\/strong> zijn de enige manier waarop onderzoekers kunnen nagaan of een nieuwe behandeling, zoals een nieuw geneesmiddel, veilig en werkzaam is bij de mens.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--e950e586ed2ea53829f9de77fc28ade8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lees meer over&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kanker in het algemeen<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#nierkanker\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">Nierkanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie als antikankertherapie<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#brochures-patienten\">Download brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#top\">Terug naar de top<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-dark-blue-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--a3d4e992df02dc74247f3f331c790f79\" id=\"blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--79df672ebf03babc7c1a09567ed36618 wp-block-paragraph\">Ter herinnering: de blaas is een orgaan dat dient om <strong>urine op te slaan<\/strong>. Vanuit de nieren stroomt de urine via het nierbekken en de urineleiders naar de blaas. Vervolgens wordt ze afgevoerd via de urinebuis.<sup>14<\/sup><\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--a343ac2d6019381cf282de4e7401e662\">De meest voorkomende kanker: het urotheelcarcinoom<sup>15<\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--f6590f69f47d617a8830b8f1280f57a1 wp-block-paragraph\">Bij blaaskanker zijn de cellen in de binnenwand van de blaas aangetast. Aan de basis ligt een normale cel die muteert en zich vervolgens ongecontroleerd vermenigvuldigt tot een tumor ontstaat.&nbsp;De meest voorkomende kwaadaardige tumor ontwikkelt zich in&nbsp;<strong>het urotheel<\/strong> (slijmvlies van de urinewegen). In&nbsp;<strong>ruim<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>90% van de blaaskankergevallen<\/strong>&nbsp;gaat het om deze vorm.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--8e36b68e9789dee41b5571cdb7825a54 wp-block-paragraph\">De andere (zeldzame) vormen van blaaskanker zijn plaveiselcelcarcinomen en adenocarcinomen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--49212e86d2385051d25caa206e6b8b92\">Verschillende vormen en stadia<sup>15<\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--450f90d30a08e37420a710192dfc3498 wp-block-paragraph\">Bij urotheelcarcinomen wordt een onderscheid gemaakt tussen tumoren die&nbsp;<strong>niet&nbsp;<\/strong>tot in de blaasspier&nbsp;<strong>doordringen&nbsp;<\/strong>(oppervlakkige tumoren) en tumoren die wel tot in deze spier doorgroeien, de zogenaamde&nbsp;<strong>invasieve<\/strong>&nbsp;tumoren.&nbsp;<br>Aangezien deze kanker het slijmvlies van alle urinewegen kan aantasten, is het bovendien mogelijk dat er tumoren op&nbsp;<strong>verschillende plaatsen<\/strong>&nbsp;tegelijk ontstaan. Dat is het geval voor 10% van de blaaskankerpati\u00ebnten.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--a53531dc8e97741c9c325e824159c682 wp-block-paragraph\">Afhankelijk van de plaats en de verspreiding van de kanker worden 5 stadia gedefinieerd:<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?w=725\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59597\" width=\"725\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg 1304w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=212,300 212w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=768,1085 768w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=725,1024 725w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=1087,1536 1087w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=320,452 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Stades-vessie_NL.jpg?resize=120,170 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-light-grey-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--55569c08e21bd08a7973f5adbe445f52\">De behandelingsopties<sup>16<\/sup><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--9b90857a792d9852df2228208e6c2449 wp-block-paragraph\">De behandelingen worden gekozen op basis van de situatie, de specifieke kenmerken van elke pati\u00ebnt met andere woorden. Meerdere artsen met verschillende specialisaties (uroloog, radioloog, nierspecialist, patholoog, medisch oncoloog, huisarts enz.) komen bijeen om de best mogelijke behandelingen voor het individu in kwestie te bespreken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--14c9745a0f05b55265ec58c983e6617c wp-block-paragraph\">De meest gekozen behandelingen (alleen of gecombineerd) bij blaaskanker zijn de volgende:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-dot-list-style-type mhh-mcn-list wp-block-list\"><li>ablatieve&nbsp;<strong>chirurgie<\/strong><\/li><li>blaas<strong>spoelingen<\/strong>&nbsp;met chemotherapie of BCG*<\/li><li><strong>laser<\/strong>behandeling<\/li><li><strong>chemotherapie<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>bestraling<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>immunotherapie<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-negative-1-font-size   mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--05daae614d95e43c1dea985d7b39183e wp-block-paragraph\">*immunotherapie op basis van verzwakte tuberculosebacillen<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--e950e586ed2ea53829f9de77fc28ade8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lees meer over&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kanker in het algemeen<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#nieren-kanker\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">Nierkanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie als antikankertherapie<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#brochures-patienten\">Download brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#top\">Terug naar de top<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-dark-blue-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--c1da65211f6320835fecff34d5e6856b\" id=\"immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie<sup>17<\/sup><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--7ec5f55114dc4dac1d19d146416de24d wp-block-paragraph\">Immunotherapie is een methode die onze natuurlijke afweer gebruikt of stimuleert om de kankercellen aan te vallen of te vernietigen. Anti-PD1-therapie\u00ebn zijn een van die methodes.<\/p>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--1908d7f7a129b950f6239937759e8b45\"><em>Het immuunsysteem en het verband met kanker<\/em>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--f5472a9d1e3b90c5fe7ed84cc6bced88\">Wat is de rol van het immuunsysteem<sup>18 <\/sup>? <\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--ec7c3aa1f7f3e6487697707d67e3f9df wp-block-paragraph\">Het immuunsysteem lijkt op een goed georganiseerd leger dat ons lichaam beschermt. De belangrijke soldaten zijn de T-cellen. Dat zijn immuuncellen die voortdurend in ons lichaam patrouilleren en elke cel die ze tegenkomen inspecteren. Ze maken een onderscheid tussen goede en slechte cellen door de codes op hun oppervlak te lezen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid \">\n\t<ul class=\"is-grid-layout has-columns has-two-columns has-center-vertical-alignment\" >\n\t\t\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"739\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno1_NL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno1_NL.jpg 644w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno1_NL.jpg?resize=261,300 261w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno1_NL.jpg?resize=320,367 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno1_NL.jpg?resize=120,138 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1024\" width=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg?w=615\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg 644w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg?resize=180,300 180w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg?resize=615,1024 615w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg?resize=320,533 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/immuno2_NL.jpg?resize=120,200 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--9bf6af244a81a43d90938a0322fbcb2d\">Kankercellen kunnen het immuunsysteem te slim af zijn<sup>19,20<\/sup><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--deee981efdec6b8cbba5477ff347ceec wp-block-paragraph\">Naarmate de kanker zich ontwikkelt, leren de kankercellen het immuunsysteem te omzeilen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--5e2c52149b6ddf53ebcd2d1a24f87e53 wp-block-paragraph\">Een mechanisme dat de kankercellen vaak gebruiken, is een <strong>&#8220;stopsignaa<\/strong>&#8221; op hun oppervlak, waardoor ze de &#8220;uitknop&#8221; van de immuuncellen kunnen indrukken. Zo vallen de immuuncellen in slaap en kunnen de kankercellen zich blijven &#8220;vermenigvuldigen&#8221; en verder in het lichaam circuleren. In medisch jargon wordt de &#8220;uitknop&#8221; op de immuuncel de &#8220;programmed death receptor&#8221; genoemd, afgekort <strong>PD-1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno3_NL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59593\" width=\"458\" height=\"490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno3_NL.jpg 644w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno3_NL.jpg?resize=280,300 280w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno3_NL.jpg?resize=320,342 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno3_NL.jpg?resize=120,128 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--8f4880cbf00f2748b88844606bff4459\">Immunotherapie heractiveert het immuunsysteem<sup>19,20<\/sup><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--2935d5275f30e3074e632da9cc4b28c4 wp-block-paragraph\">Immunotherapie voorziet de immuuncellen van <strong>extra uitrusting<\/strong> die hun &#8220;uitknop&#8221; beschermt, zodat ze <strong>niet gedeactiveerd kunnen worden<\/strong> door de kankercellen. De immuuncellen blijven actief en kunnen zo de kankercellen aanvallen. Dit type immunotherapie, dat de PD-1-&#8216;uitknop&#8217; van de afweercellen blokkeert, wordt daarom <strong>anti-PD-1-therapie <\/strong>genoemd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--c96541fc7ca52b3c93581490ffff77c5 wp-block-paragraph\">Er bestaan nog andere types immunotherapie, maar die komen hier niet aan bod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno4_NL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59591\" width=\"482\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno4_NL.jpg 644w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno4_NL.jpg?resize=229,300 229w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno4_NL.jpg?resize=320,420 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Immuno4_NL.jpg?resize=120,157 120w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 482px) 100vw, 482px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--674e33a89c818a6391c4e76b03aae456\"> Wat zijn de bijwerkingen van immuuntherapie?<sup>21<\/sup><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--04f1a4f92350e0300ac822edb3b47a02 wp-block-paragraph\">Net als andere geneesmiddelen tegen kanker kan anti-PD-1 therapie bijwerkingen hebben. Het is moeilijk te voorspellen of een pati\u00ebnt bijwerkingen zal hebben of niet. Het verschilt erg van persoon tot persoon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--60074bfda738c86a05914adc40dc5bf3 wp-block-paragraph\">Immunotherapie verhoogt de activiteit van het immuunsysteem, zodat het immuunsysteem soms fouten maakt en ook gezonde cellen in ons lichaam aanvalt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--202b9d3b7d12fbb1b0cf635ae1f15c99 wp-block-paragraph\">Wanneer dit gebeurt, zal het aangevallen weefsel &#8220;opvlammen&#8221;, dit wordt een auto-immuunreactie genoemd. De bijwerkingen van immunotherapie kunnen in elk orgaan van ons lichaam optreden. Daarom is het belangrijk waakzaam te zijn, zelfs voor klachten die onbeduidend lijken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--3792c23725ebf303978634c034006e47\">De meest voorkomende bijwerkingen<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-dot-list-style-type mhh-mcn-list wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Algemeen welzijn:<\/strong> zich moe of ongewoon zwak voelen.<\/li><li><strong>Huid: <\/strong>jeuk, uitslag.<\/li><li><strong>Spijsverteringsstelsel:<\/strong> diarree die bloed of slijm kan bevatten. Geassocieerd met ernstige buikpijn.<\/li><li><strong>Longen:<\/strong> kortademigheid, hoesten.<\/li><li><strong>Endocriene stoornissen:<\/strong> vermoeidheid, gewichtsverlies, overmatige dorst of eetlust, overmatig en\/of frequent urineren.<\/li><li>Andere minder vaak voorkomende symptomen: hoofdpijn, verwardheid, spierzwakte of -pijn, pijnlijke of gezwollen gewrichten, onverklaarbare koorts, blauwe plekken, problemen met het gezichtsvermogen (verlies van gezichtsvermogen, ontsteking van het oog).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--8eba695afc9f2f5b925df2ff6fc7dd65 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Neem gerust contact op met uw medische team voor meer informatie&nbsp;over uw ziekte.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--center  mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--e950e586ed2ea53829f9de77fc28ade8 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Lees meer over&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#in-algemeen\">Urogenitale kanker in het algemeen<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#nierkanker\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">Nierkanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#blaaskanker\">Blaaskanker<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#immunotherapie\">Immunotherapie als antikankertherapie<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary alignleft\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#brochures-patienten\">Download brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#top\">Terug naar de top<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-section has-dark-blue-background-color has-background sub__entry__content wp-block-mconnect-theme-section--align-full has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"mhh-mcn-container\">\n\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading  mhh-mcn-v1-heading mhh-mcn-v1-heading--8f679740809bed3f1e317dba6666ba67\" id=\"brochures-patienten\">Brochures voor pati\u00ebnten<\/h2>\n\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--1eb5a6d718109c46805833d2925ba71e wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Als u nier- of blaaskanker hebt<\/strong>, is hier wat informatie om u te helpen uw kanker en de mogelijke behandelingsopties beter te begrijpen. Download de brochure door op onderstaande link te klikken. Als u een papieren exemplaar van dit boekje wilt, vraag het dan aan uw arts of verpleegkundig co\u00f6rdinator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid \">\n\t<ul class=\"is-grid-layout has-columns has-two-columns has-center-vertical-alignment\" >\n\t\t\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\"><\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-grid-item grid-item has-red-border-color\">\n\t<div class=\"sub__entry__content\">\n\t\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.33.59.png?w=620\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-59589\" width=\"-36\" height=\"-50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.33.59.png 620w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.33.59.png?resize=218,300 218w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.33.59.png?resize=320,441 320w, https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/34\/2023\/02\/Capture-decran-2023-02-04-a-09.33.59.png?resize=120,165 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/Brochure-patient-UC_Cancer-de-la-VESSIE_NL.pdf\">Downloaden<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--eefd23a3547f07a38262ad3bf370522e wp-block-paragraph\">Bent u arts of verpleegkundige? Lees meer over onze pati\u00ebntenbrochures over nier- en blaaskanker, ontwikkeld door MSD in samenwerking met pati\u00ebnten. Deze brochures zijn bedoeld om u te helpen uw pati\u00ebnten te informeren over de verschillende aspecten van hun ziekte en de verschillende behandelingsmogelijkheden uit te leggen. Bestel ze nu door op onderstaande knop te klikken!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--936c5045d4189834b79416ed8ca5061d wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Brochures bestellen<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--d5a5f8ad8f8167baa3acf0d0ed297084 wp-block-paragraph\">Wilt u meer weten over deze kankers en\/of op de hoogte blijven van ons nieuws en ontwikkelingen op het gebied van pati\u00ebntenmateriaal? Schrijf u nu in!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-space-between is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-cfe5ce44 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Dokter<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-secondary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\">Verpleeger.ster<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion accordion \" data-has-first-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\n\n<button class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__header accordion-header \" id=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd4a7\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd4a7\" data-tracking-id=\"accordion__section-toggle\">\n\tAfkortingen<\/button>\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__content accordion-content sub__entry__content\" id=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd4a7\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd4a7\">\n\t\n\n<p class=\"mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph mhh-mcn-v1-paragraph--0a5cdd0124803108681b421f660259cf wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>BCG:<\/strong> immunotherapie op basis van verzwakte tuberculosebacillen; <strong>PD-1:<\/strong> Programmed Death 1.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion accordion \" data-has-first-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\n\n<button class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__header accordion-header \" id=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd8ae\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd8ae\" data-tracking-id=\"accordion__section-toggle\">\n\tReferenties<\/button>\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__content accordion-content sub__entry__content\" id=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd8ae\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd8ae\">\n\t\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"background-color: transparent;color: initial;font-family: var(--font-primary);font-size: var(--fs-base)\">Belgian Cancer Registry 2020.&nbsp;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Globocan 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker \u2013 Nierkanker \u2013 Algemeen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/nierkanker\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.be\/les-cancers\/types-de-cancers\/cancer-du-rein\/sympt-mes\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/nierkanker\/<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker \u2013 Nierkanker \u2013 Symtomen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.be\/les-cancers\/types-de-cancers\/cancer-du-rein\/sympt-mes\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/nierkanker\/symptomen<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker \u2013 Blaaskanker \u2013 Algemeen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker \u2013 Blaaskanker \u2013 Symptomen.  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker\/symptomen\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker\/symptomen<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cancer.net \u2013 Kidney Cancer: Introduction \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/kidney-cancer\/introduction\">https:\/\/www.cancer.net\/cancer-types\/kidney-cancer\/introduction<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>World Cancer Day \u2013 What is Cancer? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcancerday.org\/what-cancer\">https:\/\/www.worldcancerday.org\/what-cancer<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Canadian Cancer Society &#8211; Kidney Cancer. <a href=\"https:\/\/cancer.ca\/en\/cancer-information\/cancer-types\/kidney\/what-is-kidney-cancer\">https:\/\/cancer.ca\/en\/cancer-information\/cancer-types\/kidney\/what-is-kidney-cancer<\/a> accessed on 01\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>NCCN guidelines for patients \u2013 Kidney cancer. 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/patients\/guidelines\/content\/PDF\/kidney-patient.pdf\">https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/patients\/guidelines\/content\/PDF\/kidney-patient.pdf<\/a> accessed on 01\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B. Escudier et al. Annals of Oncology 2019; 30: 706\u2013720.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Powles T et al. Ann Oncol 2021; 32 (Issue 12): p1511-15196. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alles over kanker \u2013 Radiotherapie bij nierkanker: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allesoverkanker.be\/nierkanker\/behandeling-vannierkanker\/radiotherapie-bij-nierkanker\">https:\/\/www.allesoverkanker.be\/nierkanker\/behandeling-vannierkanker\/radiotherapie-bij-nierkanker<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centre de lutte contre le cancer L\u00e9on Berard \u2013 Cancer de la vessie: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer-environnement.fr\/fiches\/cancers\/cancer-de-la-vessie\">https:\/\/www.cancer-environnement.fr\/fiches\/cancers\/cancer-de-la-vessie<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National Cancer Institute: Stages of Bladder Cancer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/bladder\/stages\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/types\/bladder\/stages<\/a>, accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker  \u2013 Blaaskanker \u2013 Behandelingen. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker\/behandelingen\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/alles-over-kanker\/alle-types-kanker\/blaaskanker\/behandelingen<\/a> \u2013 accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stichting tegen kanker \u2013 Brochure: immunotherapie. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/publicatie\/immunotherapie\">https:\/\/www.kanker.be\/publicatie\/immunotherapie<\/a>, accessed on 02\/2023.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The international immunogenetics information system\u00ae \u2013 Brochure: Understanding the Immune System \u2013 How It Works. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imgt.org\/IMGTeducation\/Tutorials\/ImmuneSystem\/UK\/the_immune_system.pdf\">https:\/\/www.imgt.org\/IMGTeducation\/Tutorials\/ImmuneSystem\/UK\/the_immune_system.pdf<\/a>, accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>National Cancer Institute \u2013 Immune checkpoint Inhibitors. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/aboutcancer\/treatment\/types\/immunotherapy\/checkpoint-inhibitors\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/aboutcancer\/treatment\/types\/immunotherapy\/checkpoint-inhibitors<\/a>, accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cancer research UK \u2013 Checkpoint Inhibitors: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/immunotherapy\/checkpoint-inhibitors\">https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/treatment\/types\/immunotherapy\/checkpoint-inhibitors<\/a>, accessed on 02\/2023<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ESMO: Patient Guide on Immunotherapy-Related Side Effects and Their Management &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esmo.org\/for-patients\/patient-guides\/immunotherapy-side-effects\">https:\/\/www.esmo.org\/for-patients\/patient-guides\/immunotherapy-side-effects<\/a> accessed on 02\/2023.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion accordion \" data-has-first-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\n\n<button class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__header accordion-header \" id=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd958\" aria-controls=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd958\" data-tracking-id=\"accordion__section-toggle\">\n\t<\/button>\n<div class=\"wp-block-mconnect-theme-accordion-item__content accordion-content sub__entry__content\" id=\"accordion-content-accordion-6adbf51ccd958\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-6adbf51ccd958\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hoe belangrijk is immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers? Lees meer over&nbsp;: Lees meer over&nbsp;: Hoe ontwikkelt nierkanker zich [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52645,"featured_media":60023,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mhh_sticky_footer_settings":{"entityId":0},"_mhh_sticky_footer_posts":"","_mhh_sticky_footer_expanded":false,"_mhh_mcn_text_direction":"","_mhh_mcn_language":"","_mhh_mcn_left_sidebar_settings":{"entityId":0},"_mhh_mcn_sidebar_settings":{"entityId":0},"mhh_mcn_side_navigation_style":{"fontSize":{"l":"","m":"","s":""},"lineHeight":{"l":1.5,"m":1.5,"s":1.5},"itemColor":"","hoverItemColor":"","currentItemColor":"","borderItemColor":"","backgroundItemHoverColor":"","themeColor":""},"_mhh_mcn_child_page_navigation":{"isActive":false,"isSticky":false},"hide_header":false,"show_top_bar":false,"hide_footer":false,"full_width_layout":false,"icon":null,"job_code":"","hide_featured_image":true,"primary_tag":0,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":"","sidebar_toogle":0,"sidebar_toogle_notification_warning":true,"sidebar_toogle_notification_alert":true,"content_expiration_sidebar_date":"","content_expiration_sidebar_expired_post_status":"","content_expiration_sidebar_redirection":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"ga4_page_audience":[],"ga4_page_birn_id":[],"ga4_page_branding":[],"ga4_page_businessunit":[1211],"ga4_page_campaign":[],"ga4_page_content_purpose":[],"ga4_page_customer_journey_stage":[],"ga4_page_customer_specialty":[],"ga4_page_experience":[],"ga4_page_indication":[],"ga4_page_material_intent":[1454],"ga4_page_product":[],"ga4_page_region":[],"ga4_page_therapeuticarea":[1696],"tx-therapeutic-area":[596],"tx-product":[],"tx-pathology":[],"tx-content-type":[630],"tx-active-ingredient":[],"access":[],"user_status":[],"user_role":[],"class_list":["post-59571","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers - MSD Belgium - NL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.msdconnect.be\/nl\/2023\/02\/03\/immunotherapie-voor-de-behandeling-van-urogenitale-kankers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_BE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers - MSD Belgium - NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hoe belangrijk is immunotherapie voor de behandeling van urogenitale kankers? 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